Abstract

The dynamics of a probe particle is highly influenced by the nature of the bath in which it is immersed. In particular, baths composed by active (e.g., self-propelled) particles induce intriguing out-of-equilibrium effects on tracer’s motion that are customarily described by integrating out the dynamics of the bath’s degrees of freedom (DOFs). However, thermodynamic quantities, such as the entropy production rate, are generally severely affected by coarse-graining procedures. Here, we show that active baths are associated with the presence of dissipative DOFs exhibiting non-reciprocal interactions with a probe particle. Surprisingly, integrating out these DOFs inevitably results into a system-dependent increase or reduction of the entropy production rate. On the contrary, it stays invariant after integrating out non-dissipative DOFs. As a consequence, they determine the dimensionality of isoentropic hypersurfaces in the parameter space. Our results are an attempt to shed light on the nature of active baths, showing that the presence of a typical correlation time-scale is not a sufficient condition to have non-equilibrium effects on a probe particle, and draws a path toward the understanding of thermodynamically consistent procedures to derive effective dynamics of observed DOFs.