Abstract

In this seminar, I will review the current state-of-the-art of global analyses of Parton Distribution Functions (PDFs) within nuclei. Nuclear PDFs are essential for describing a wide range of observables, known as hard processes, in high-energy reactions involving one or two nuclei in the initial state. Notable examples include hard process reactions in proton-nucleus (p-A) and nucleus-nucleus (A-A) collisions at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), electron-nucleus deep-inelastic scattering (DIS) at the future Electron-Ion Collider (EIC), and neutrino-nucleus DIS in long-baseline experiments such as the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) or from atmospheric sources. Understanding nuclear PDFs is crucial as they provide key insights into the distribution of quarks and gluons within nuclei, a topic that lies at the interface of Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD), hadronic, and nuclear physics. This knowledge not only supports the interpretation of experimental results but also enriches our comprehension of fundamental interactions within nuclear environments.